Common Ports

Phishing Analysis

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Gathering Artifacts (IOCs)

Email Artifacts -

• Sender Address

• Reply-To Address

• Sending Server IP

• Reverse DNS

• Recipient Address

• Subject Line

• Date & Time

Web-based Artifacts -

• Full-URLs (sanitized)

• Domain Names

File-based Artifacts -

• Filename & Extension

• MD5/SHA1/SHA256 Hash Values

Artifacts Analysis

1. Visualization Tools - URL2PNG, URLScan

2. URL Reputation Tools - VirusTotal, URLScan, URLhaus, WannaBrowser

3. File Reputation Tools - VirusTotal, Talos File Reputation

4. Malware Sandboxing - Hybrid Analysis

Defanging URL & IP Address

1. Defang URL, Defang IP Addresses - CyberChef (gchq.github.io)

Digital Forensics

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Data representation can be done in the following ways,

• Base64

• Hexadecimal

• Octal

• ASCII

• Binary

Metadata

# Provided with information such as the read/write permissions, the file name and size, and the times for when the file was last accessed and modified. ls -lisap <file> stat <file> # Received metadata from files # sudo apt-get install exiftool exiftool <file>

File Carving

# To choose which file type you want to retrieve you can edit in /etc/scalpel/scalpel.conf # To start retrieving a file using command below scalpel -b -o <output-dir> <disk-image-file>

Hashing

1. Windows

   1	Get-FileHash -Algorithm [algorithm-to-use] [file]

2. Linux

   md5sum <file> sha1sum <file> sha256sum <file>

Data Acquisition

• FTK Imager - import .img file in FTK Imager. Download

• KAPE - uses for fast acquisition of data. Download

Windows Investigation

LNK Files -

• These files can be found at

  1	%userprofile%\Appdata\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent

• Windows File Analyzer can be used to view these files in form of human-readable format.

Prefetch Files -

• These files can be found at

  1	C:\Windows\Prefetch

• Prefetch Explorer Command Line can be used to view these files in form of human-readable format a.k.a. PEbatch.exe.

  # Using PEbatch requires administrator privilege PEbatch.exe -f [path-to-file].pf PEbatch.exe -k "string-to-match" -d [path-to-prefetch-folder]

Jump List -

• These files can be found at

  C:\Users\% USERNAME%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent\AutomaticDestinations C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent\CustomDestinations

• JumpList Explorer could be used to analyze these files.

Browsers Artifacts -

• KAPE — Download

• Browser History Viewer — Download

• Browser History Capturer — Download

Event Logs -

• Event ID 4624 - Successful Logon

• Event ID 4625 - Failed Logon

• Event ID 4672 - Special Logon (with administrative privileges logs in)

• Event ID 4634 - Logoff from the current session

• Event ID 4720 - User account was created

• Event ID 4726 - User account was deleted

• Event ID 4732 - A member was added to a security-enabled local group

These event logs could be found at

C:\Windows\System32\winevt\Logs

Linux Investigation

• /etc/passwd — contains a list of user accounts on the system, and their permissions.

• /etc/shadow — contains encrypted passwords of existing users on the system.

• unshadow /etc/passwd /etc/shadow > <new-file> to combine the passwd and shadow together.

• /var/lib/dpkg/status — includes list of all installed software packages on debian-based systems.

• .bash_history — contains a list of commands that have been run by the specific user.

• Hidden Files and Directories — usually prefix with .

• Clear Files — the file that is accessible by standard means. i.e. browser, terminal

• Steganography — a practice of concealing messages or files within other non-secret text or data.

Volatility — Memory Analysis -

# Determine the suggested profile for analysis volatility -f memdump.mem imageinfo # Print a list of processes to the terminal volatility -f memdump.mem --profile=<PROFILE> pslist # Print a process tree to the terminal volatility -f memdump.mem --profile=<PROFILE> pstree # View command line of the specific process with PID XXXX volatility -f /path/to/file.mem --profile=PROFILE dlllist -p XXXX # Print all available processes, including hidden ones often used by malware volatility -f memdump.mem --profile=<PROFILE> psscan # Dumping the process with a specific PID XXXX volatility -f /path/to/file.mem --profile=PROFILE procdump -p XXXX -D /home/ubuntu/Desktop # Print expected and hidden processes volatility -f memdump.mem --profile=<PROFILE> psxview # View any active or closed network connections volatility -f memdump.mem --profile=<PROFILE> netscan # Create a timeline of events from the memory image volatility -f memdump.mem --profile=<PROFILE> timeliner # Pull internet browsing history volatility -f memdump.mem --profile=<PROFILE> iehistory # Identify any files on the system from the memory image volatility -f memdump.mem --profile=<PROFILE> filescan # Retrieve files from the memory image volatility -f memdump.mem --profile=<PROFILE> dumpfiles -n --dump-dir=<path-to-dump>

Security Information and Event Management

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Splunk

• Make sure you turn searching query time to All Times to see all the events

• To quickly identify sourcetype (don’t look through every single log) make sure to turn Event Sampling to 1:100 or 1:1000 or etc.

All queries must start by referencing the dataset

index=<dataset>

To search for a source ip address

index=<dataset> src="x.x.x.x"

To search for a destination ip address that made a connection with, i.e. locahost (127.0.0.1)

index=<dataset> src="127.0.0.1" dst="x.x.x.x"

Incident Response

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Network Traffic Analysis

Using Wireshark to analyze network traffic capture files including, .pcap, .cap, .pcapng, etc.

Command Prompt to assist with incident response

• List network configuration information in local system

  1	ipconfig /all

• Print a list of running processes and programs

  1

  tasklist

• Display running processes and associated binary file that was executed to create the process

  1	wmic process get description, executablepath

• Print a list of all local system users

  1

  net user

• Print a list of all users that are resided in an administrators user group

  1	net localgroup administrators

• Print all users reside in a RDP group

  1	net localgroup "Remote Desktop Users"

• List all services and detailed information about each one

  1	sc query | more

• List all open ports on a system

  1	netstat -ab

Powershell to help extracted valuable information

• To get network-related information from the system

  Get-NetIPConfiguration Get-NetIPAddress

• List all local users on the system

  Get-LocalUser # To get more information about a specific user Get-LocalUser -Name BTLO | select *

• To identify running services on the system and show the results in a nice windows

  1	Get-Service | where Status -eq "Running" | Out-GridView

• List the running processes and group it by their priority value

  1	Get-Process | Format-Table -View priority

• Get specific information from a service

  # specific information by including their name Get-Process -Name 'namehere' # specific information by including their id and piping for collected all properties Get-Process -Id 'idhere' | Select *

• List tasks that are set to run after certain conditions are met

  1	Get-ScheduledTask

• Dig more deeper by specifying the task we’re interested in and piping for all properties

  1	Get-ScheduledTask -TaskName 'PutANameHere' | Select *

• Change the Execution Policy applied to specific user

  1	Set-ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Scope CurrentUser

1. DeepBlueCLI is a tool that was created by SANS to aid the investigation and triage of Windows Event Logs

• Run the command to a specific local log file

  1	./DeepBlue.ps1 ../Log1.evtx

• Run the command to analyze the system we are currently on

  # to analyze a live security log ./DeepBlue.ps1 -log security # to analyze a live system log ./DeepBlue.ps1 -log system

Appendix A — Logs Information Details

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Logon Type (Event ID: 4624)

NETLOGON LOG ERROR CODE (Event ID: 4625)

Linux Logs

• /var/log/auth.log — contains system authorization information. i.e. user logins.

• /var/log/dpkg.log — contains information that is logged when a package is installed or remove using dpkg.

• /var/log/btmp — contains information about failed login attempts.

• /var/log/cron — logs information about cron job.

• /var/log/secure — contains information related to authentication and authorization.

• /var/log/faillog — contains user failed login attempts.